Архив для категории: Новости

While both челюстные дробилки и конусные дробилки are essential in aggregate and mining operations, they are typically used at different stages and have distinct advantages. Cone crushers generally offer advantages over jaw crushers when used in secondary, tertiary, or quaternary crushing stages, after a primary jaw crusher has already done the initial size reduction.

Key Advantages of Cone Crushers Over Jaw Crushers

Superior Product Shape (Cubicity):

Конус дробилка: Produces a more cubical (equi-dimensional) product. This is due to the combination of compression and attrition as material is crushed between the mantle and bowl liner, and also due to inter-particle crushing when choke-fed. Cubical aggregate is preferred for concrete and asphalt as it provides better strength and workability.

Зубодробилка, мордоворот: Tends to produce more elongated or flaky particles, especially with laminated or slabby feed rock.

Finer and More Consistent Product Size:

Конус дробилка: Can achieve a finer product size and a tighter particle size distribution. They are designed for producing precisely graded materials.

Зубодробилка, мордоворот: Primarily designed for coarse primary crushing, so its product is larger and less uniform.

Более высокая пропускная способность (in Secondary/Tertiary Stages):

Конус дробилка: For a given physical size (in secondary/tertiary applications), a cone crusher often has a higher throughput capacity than a jaw crusher would if it were forced to produce a similarly sized product. The continuous crushing action contributes to this.

Зубодробилка, мордоворот: Operates with an intermittent crushing action (once per revolution).

Higher Reduction Ratio (in its operating range):

Конус дробилка: Can achieve higher reduction ratios (например, 6:1 Для 10:1 or even higher in some modern designs) efficiently when processing pre-crushed material.

Зубодробилка, мордоворот: Typically offers reduction ratios of 3:1 Для 5:1 for primary crushing.

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More detailed information about the advantages of cone crusher compared with jaw crusher can be clicked to visit: https://www.yd-crusher.com/a/news/advantages-of-cone-crusher-over-jaw-crusher.html

Установка lining trolley in a tunnel project is a complex and crucial process for the secondary lining of the tunnel. It involves careful planning, adherence to safety protocols, and precise execution.

я. Pre-Installation Planning and Site Preparation

Choose the Installation Location:

Outside the tunnel (preferred): If space allows, assemble the trolley outside the tunnel portal. This provides a larger, flatter, and more open area for crane operations, facilitating easier assembly and less constrained working conditions.

Inside the tunnel (если необходимо): If outdoor space is limited, the trolley can be assembled inside the tunnel. This requires more precise planning and anchor operations due to confined spaces.

Site dimensions: The installation site should be as flat and wide as possible, typically around 20m x 30m. If installing inside the tunnel, ensure at least 50 cm clearance above the trolley and 30 cm on the sides. The length of the obstacle-free area should be at least twice the length of the trolley plus 3 meters for lifting operations.

Level the Site and Lay the Track:

The ground must be leveled and compacted to create a stable base for the tracks.

Lay the tracks according to the specific gauge requirements of the lining trolley.

Ensure the tracks are straight, free of triangular pits, and have no staggered seams.

Maintain a height difference of less than 5 mm between the front, rear, left, and right rails.

Align the track centerline as closely as possible with the tunnel centerline (error less than 15 миллиметровый).

Track sleepers should be spaced generally at 0.5 meters or less and securely nailed.

Use heavy steel rails (например, 38kg/m).

Предварительная проверка & Меры безопасности:

Conduct a thorough inspection of all lining trolley components for any damage, носить, or malfunction.

Ensure all personnel are trained in safety procedures and equipped with appropriate PPE (шлемы, перчатки, safety harnesses).

Establish clear communication protocols and designated safety zones.

II. Assembly Steps (General Order)

Install the Walking Wheel Frame Assembly:

Use a lifting device (crane or chain block) to place the driving and driven wheel frames onto the laid tracks.

Provide temporary support and adjust the distance between the front and rear wheel frames according to the centerline of the bottom longitudinal beam.

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For more detailed information on the installation of lining trolleys in tunnelling projects visit: https://www.gf-bridge-tunnel.com/a/blog/installation-of-lining-trolleys-in-tunnel-project.html

“Гидравлический инвертирующий мост” относится к специализированным системам опалубки, используемых в мостовой конструкции, которые используют гидравлическую мощность для манипулирования, позиция, полоска, и продвинуть опалубку. В “инвертирование” аспект обычно означает, что части опалубки (или вся сборка локальной формы) может быть отозван, вращается, Или отказались от литого бетона, чтобы обеспечить легкую разгрузку и перемещение в следующую позицию литья. Основные типы различаются методом строительства моста, который они поддерживают.

Гидравлические инвертирующие мостики типы

Формируйте путешественников (Для сегментарной сбалансированной консольной конструкции):

Описание: Это сложные, Мобильные стальные конструкции, которые поддерживают опалубку для сегментов палубы мостового моста на месте, Обычно используя сбалансированный метод кантилевера. Пара путешественников работает наружу от каждого пирса.

Гидравлическая роль: Гидравлика широко используется для:

Подъем и опускание основных панелей оформления (Софит, боковые формы, внутренние формы).

Регулировка геометрии и выравнивания опалубки точно.

“Инвертирование” или втягивание панелей форм: Боковые формы часто качаются наружу или вниз. Формы соффитов снижаются. Это очищает свежий литой сегмент.

Продвижение всей сборки путешественника вдоль направляющих рельс в следующую позицию литья.

Поддержка веса влажного бетона и самого путешественника.

Вариации:

Наверху (Вершина) Формируйте путешественников: Основные фермы поддержки находятся над палубой.

Недостаток (Нижний) Формируйте путешественников: Основные фермы поддержки находятся под палубой. Выбор зависит от высоты пирса, длина пролета, и доступ к земле.

Подвижные системы лесов (Мсс) / Shoring Gantries (для пролета по строительству):

Описание: MSS большие, Самоубивающиеся гантри-структуры, которые поддерживают опалубку для лишения целого промежутка моста (или большие части) за один раз. После вылечения пролета, MSS понижает опалубку и переходит к следующему промежутке.

Гидравлическая роль:

Поддержка огромного веса полного пролета влажного бетона и опалубки.

Подъем и снижение основных опорных балок MSS.

Эксплуатация панелей озвучивания: Подобно форме путешественников, боковые формы убираются или распадаются, и формы соффита снижаются (в “инвертирование” действие) Чтобы лишить актерский пролет.

Продвижение всей гантри до следующего пирса или абатмента.

Тонкая настройка выравнивания и уровня опалубки.

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Более подробную информацию о гидравлических инверторных типах моста можно найти, нажав на посещение: https://www.gf-bridge-tunnel.com/a/blog/hydraulic-inverting-bridge-formwork-types.html

The cost of a Стальная структура завода is influenced by a wide range of factors, encompassing everything from initial design and construction to ongoing operations and market dynamics.

Steel Structure Factory Price Influencing Factors

Проектирование и проектирование:

Сложность дизайна: Simple rectangular buildings are cheaper than complex designs with irregular shapes, multiple spans, мезонины, or specific architectural features.

Building Size and Height: Larger area and greater eave height directly increase material and labor costs.

Требования к нагрузке: Heavy loads (например, from overhead cranes, heavy equipment, снег, ветер, сейсмическая активность) necessitate stronger, heavier, and thus more expensive steel members and foundations.

Span Length: Longer clear spans (without internal columns) require larger, heavier steel members.

Engineering Fees: Fees for architects, structural engineers, and other consultants.

Строительные нормы и стандарты: Compliance with local, national, and international building codes can influence design complexity and material specifications.

Материальные затраты:

Steel Price: The market price of raw steel is a major variable and can fluctuate significantly.

Type and Grade of Steel: Higher strength steel or specialized alloys (например, for corrosion resistance) are more expensive.

Quantity of Steel: Directly related to the size and design complexity.

Cladding and Roofing Materials: Options range from basic metal sheets to insulated panels, impacting cost and energy efficiency.

Двери, Windows, and Openings: Тип, размер, quantity, и качество (например, industrial roll-up doors vs. standard personnel doors).

Изоляция: Type and thickness of insulation for walls and roof.

Fasteners and Connections: Болты, сварные швы, and other connection materials.

Coatings and Finishes: Paint, galvanizing, or other protective coatings for corrosion resistance and aesthetics.

Затраты на изготовление:

Labor Costs: Wages for welders, fitters, механизаторы, п.

Workshop Overhead: Rent, utilities, maintenance of fabrication equipment.

Complexity of Fabrication: Intricate cuts, сварные швы, and connections take more time and skill.

Quality Control and Testing: Неразрушающее тестирование (Непрерывный) and inspections.

Transportation of Fabricated Members: Distance from fabrication shop to construction site and size/weight of members.

Construction and Erection Costs:

Подготовка сайта:

Land Acquisition: Cost of the land itself.

Geotechnical Survey: To determine soil conditions, impacting foundation design.

Grading and Excavation: Leveling the site.

Foundation Work: Бетонные фундаменты (type and size depend on soil and loads) are a significant cost.
Labor Costs for Erection: Skilled erectors, crane operators, riggers.

Equipment Rental: Краны, man-lifts, scaffolding, п.

Erection Complexity: Difficult site access, tight working conditions, or complex member assembly can increase time and cost.

Safety Measures and Equipment: Compliance with safety regulations.

Project Management and Supervision: On-site management costs.

Location Factors:

Geographic Location: Labor rates, material availability, and transportation costs vary significantly by region.

Site Accessibility: Easy access for large trucks and cranes reduces costs.

Local Regulations and Permitting: Fees for permits, impact fees, and compliance with local zoning and environmental regulations.

Availability of Utilities: Cost to connect to power, воды, sewer, and gas.

Factory-Specific Requirements (Beyond the Basic Structure):

Overhead Cranes and Hoists: Rails, supporting structures, and the cranes themselves.

Specialized Flooring: Reinforced concrete, epoxy coatings, or specific requirements for machinery.

Член членов директоров (Механический, Электрический, Сантехника): HVAC systems, process piping, electrical distribution for machinery, осветительные приборы, fire suppression systems.

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More detailed information about the factors affecting the cost of steel structure factory can be found by visiting: https://www.meichensteel.com/a/news/steel-structure-factory-cost-influencing-factors.html

While steel itself is non-combustible, it loses its structural strength significantly at elevated temperatures (typically around 550°C / 1000°Ф), which can lead to deformation and collapse during a fire. Поэтому, fire prevention and protection measures for steel structures focus on preventing the steel from reaching these critical temperatures or ensuring structural integrity for a sufficient period to allow for evacuation and firefighting.

Steel Structures Prevention Measures

Passive Fire Protection (PFP): Insulating the Steel

The primary goal here is to insulate the steel members to slow down the rate at which their temperature rises during a fire.

Spray-Applied Fire Resistive Materials (SFRM): These are cementitious or gypsum-based plasters sprayed directly onto steel members. They are cost-effective but can be fragile and aesthetically unpleasing if left exposed.

Intumescent Coatings: These paint-like coatings swell and char when exposed to heat, forming an insulating layer. They offer a more aesthetic finish and are often used where steel is exposed.

Concrete Encasement: Encasing steel columns and beams in concrete provides excellent fire resistance. This can be done with cast-in-place concrete or precast concrete sections.

Fire-Resistant Boards and Cladding: Gypsum boards, calcium silicate boards, or mineral wool boards can be used to box in steel members, creating a fire-resistant barrier.

Blockwork/Brickwork Encasement: Similar to concrete encasement, masonry can be built around steel members.

Filling Hollow Sections: Hollow structural sections (HSS) can be filled with concrete or other fire-resistant materials to improve their fire performance.

Active Fire Protection (AFP): Detecting and Suppressing the Fire

These systems aim to detect a fire early and suppress it or control its spread.

Sprinkler Systems: Automatic sprinklers are highly effective in controlling or extinguishing fires, thereby limiting the heat exposure to the steel structure.

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems: Smoke detectors, heat detectors, and flame detectors provide early warning, allowing for timely evacuation and firefighter response.

Fire Suppression Systems (Gaseous, Foam, п.): Used in specific areas where water might be unsuitable (например, server rooms, areas with flammable liquids).

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